Genetic and epigenetic variation in a cosmopolitan grass Poa annua from Antarctic and Polish populations

Poa annua L. is the only non−native vascular plant that was successfully estab− lished in the maritime Antarctic. This project aimed to determine the amount of genetic and epigenetic variation within and between two populations of P. annua, one from South Shet− land Is. (Antarctic) and the other one from Central Europe. We applied two AFLP marker systems, using endonucleases that recognised the same restriction site but differed in their sensitivity towards methylation. The Antarctic population differed from the Polish one both at the genetic and epigenetic levels. Genetic variability in the Antarctic population was lower than in the Polish one. Some loci in the Antarctic population showed signs of selec− tion. The difference between Polish and Antarctic populations might be due to a weak bot− tleneck effect followed by population expansion. Using only epigenetic markers, the Ant− arctic population exhibited increased variation level compared to the Polish one. These may have resulted from plastic responses to environmental factors and could be associated with survival in extreme conditions.